Licorice, Glycyrrhiza glabra (Fabaceae), is one of the herbal medicines. Glycyrrhizin is the importance content through compounds exiting in licorice, which is 50 times sweeter than sucrose. Glycyrrhizin used as the primary matter in pharmacy and used to remedy of many diseases, and also, used in tobacco, confectionary and beverage industries. Since Glycyrrhizin in the phases of growth received at maximum and then decreased; and also to consider of Root diameter and harvest time effect on active substance content, This study done for determine the best harvest time and suitable Root diameter to obtain the greatest Glycyrrhizin in this plant. For this study, Root of Glycyrrhiza glabra were collected in four times (Nov, Dec, Jan and Feb) and in three Root diameter (<1 Cm, 1-2 Cm and >2 Cm) from gorgan (Araghi mahalle agricultural station). Variant of measurement in this study were including fresh weight, dry weight (for determination of percentage of humidity) and glycyrrhizin content. Extraction of glycyrrhizin was done with methanol and its measurement done with used height performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The result showed that the least Root diameter were containing the least humidity percentage (32.46%) and the greatest of glycyrrhizin (1.187%), the Root were harvested in Jan., in comparison with other harvest time, were containing the least humidity percentage (22.26%) and the greatest amount of glycyrrhizin (1.112%).

From the environmental point of view, application of bioengineering techniques in civil projects such as landslide stabilization is given priority in recent years. In this paper, the influence of the diameter of tree Roots on the increase of shear resistance of soil was investigated by means of series of in-situ direct shear tests. Thirty tests were carried out on a natural deposit CL soil containing midow Roots by means of a set up designed in soil laboratory of SCWMRI. Since the existing Roots in natural deposits have different diameters, a no dimensional index referred to as Root diameter Ratio (RDR) was defined as the ratio of the mean Root diameter to the maximum Root diameter. The results showed, in general, the increased shear resistance of the soil due to the presence of Roots was inversely proportional to the Root diameters. In fact the apparent cohesion of soil increases considerably as the Root diameter increases, while at the same time the internal friction angle decreases smoothly. However, the shear resistance growth stops at a given diameter, then stabilizes after a slight declination. A similar behavior was observed for the soil cohesion, while the internal friction angle showed a completely opposite behavior.

The present experiment was performed to optimization of thorny and thornless blackberry propagation viafactorial in a CRD, the first factor included four cultivars (everthornless, thornless evergreen, early andmid-ripen thorny) from blackberry collection, the second factor Root cutting's diameter (2-3 and 3-5 mm)and the third factor involves the Root cuttings length (6, 8, 10 and 12 cm), with seven replications inMarch 2016. After three months Rooting performed under shade and humid condition then the Rooting andits related traits measured. Results of Rooting in thorny and thornless cultivars showed Root cuttings with2-3 mm diameter and 12 cm length produced the longest Root in the proximal end of the mid-ripen thornycultivars with 123. 43 mm. In chimera and mid-ripen thornless cultivars the most Rooting percent observedin the 12 cm length in all of the diameters with an average of 71. 42%. Thornless cultivars significantly, showed better survival percent (77. 33), inside of shorter Roots length (51. 8cm) and shoot (46. 07cm), incompare to thorny cultivars. The highest percentage of survival (77. 33%) observed in normal thornless, among thornless cultivars, and early thorny (64. 58 %) in thorny cultivars. The results showed that Rootcutting with 3-5 mm diameter and 10-12 cm length had significantly effect on increase of blackberry Rootcutting Rooting. The genetic difference between cultivars and amount of reserved material in cuttings mustbe considered in the propagation of blackberries by Root cutting.

Background: Ductus arteriosus (DA) is a vascular structure that makes a link between the proximal descending aorta and main pulmonary artery near the origin of the left pulmonary artery. The present study aimed to assess the changes of LA/Ao ratio after PDA closure in children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 635 children with PDA in the Ali Asghar clinic, Zahedan, Iran, from 2003 to 2019. The participants were followed for at least one year after discharge from the hospital after intervention. PDA diagnosis was conducted in accordance with the echocardiography performed by a pediatric cardiologist using Mylab 60 and challenged 7000 made in Italy. The analyses were performed by SPSS 20. 00, considering 0. 05 as the significant error. Results: As compared to the baseline measures before the interventions, the growth rates of LA/Ao ratio decreased by 24% and 10% in the first and second 6 months after the intervention. During the first 6 months after the intervention, the percentages of LA/Ao ratio reduction were 23%, 25% and 22% in small, medium and large PDA while these percentages were 7%, 13% and 16% during the second 6 months after the intervention, respectively. Regarding the intervention, the percentages were 25%, 24%, 24% and 24% in PDAs that were, respectively, closed by medication, surgery, occlusion device and VATS in the first six months after the intervention. The percentages were, respectively, 9%, 10%, 11% and 9% for the second 6 months after the intervention. The percentages were, respectively, 24%, 24% and 21% in those PDAs with residuals, no complication and PH in the first six months after the intervention. This pattern was, respectively, 8%, 9% and 16. 6% for the second 6 months after the intervention. Conclusion: It was concluded that LA/AO ratio had the highest decrease during the first six months after the intervention, so that PDAs with moderate sizes or those who had medication as intervention or those with residual complications had the highest percentages of reduction.

Background and Aim: Today several materials have been used for Root- end filling in endodontic surgery. Optimal properties of Pro Root MTA in in-vitro and in-vivo studies have been proven. On the other hand, based on some studies, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA) and Portland cement are similar to Pro Root MTA in physical and biologic properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of four Root- end filling materials. Materials and Methods: In this experimental in-vitro study, seventy six extracted single- Rooted human teeth were randomly divided into six groups for Root-end filling with gray Pro Root MTA, white Pro Root MTA, Root MTA (Iranian Pro Root MTA), Portland Cement (type I) and positive and negative control groups. Root canals were instrumented using the step- back technique. Root- end filling materials were placed in 3mm ultra sonic retro preparations. Samples and microleakage model system were sterilized in autoclave. The apical 3-4 mm of the Roots were immersed in phenol red with 3% lactose broth culture medium. The coronal access of each specimen was inoculated every 24h with a suspension of Streptococcus sanguis (ATCC 10556). Culture media were observed every 24h for color change indicating bacterial contamination for 60 days. Statistical analysis was performed using log- rank test with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: At the end of study 50%, 56.25%, 56.25% and 50% of specimens filled with Gray Pro Root MTA, White Pro Root MTA. Root MTA and Portland Cement (type I) had evidence of leakage respectively. The mean leakage time was 37.19±6.29, 36.44±5.81, 37.69±5.97 and 34.81±6.67 days respectively. Statistical analysis of data showed no significant difference among the leakage (amount and mean leakage time) of the four tested Root- end filling materials (P=0.9958). Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, there were no significant differences in leakage among the four tested groups at 60 days. The results suggest that Root MTA and Portland Cement can be used as less expensive Root filling materials.

Background and Aim: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) is a material used in many endodontic problems.Recently a number of studies have reported that Portland Cement (PC) and MTA have similar physical, chemical and biologic properties. In addition, a material known as Root MTA which is produced in Iran has been claimed to have similar properties to Pro Root MTA. If these claims are true, possible use of PC and Root MTA in clinic instead of Pro Root MTA will be quite cost effective. The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicity of Pro Root MTA, Root MTA and Portland Cement on L929 mouse fibroblasts.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 0, 4, 24 hours and 7 days' extracts of materials were transferred to cell culture plates containing L929 fibroblasts. After 24 hours incubation, cells were stained by Neutral Red (NR), and optical density (OD) of each cell was read with ELISA reader. Data were analyzed using Tukey HSD and one way analysis of variance. P<0.05 was considered as the level of significance.Results: In all surveyed groups and negative control group, at all time points separated cells from the base of the well were round. Refraction which is a characteristic of cellular death was not observed, whereas the separated cells from the base of well in positive control group showed refractional characteristic.Conclusion: Based on the findings of this study Pro Root MTA, PC and Root MTA have the same biocompatibility. PC seems to have the potential to be used in the same clinical situation as MTA. However in order to replace MTA with these less expensive materials more in vitro and in vivo studies are suggested.

25 seedlings of Caucasian oak (Quercus castaneifolia) were planted by spacing of 1×1m in Pilambra research station, Guilan province, north of Iran. Prior to transplanting, seedlings were Root-pruned in three levels of 15, 20 and 25 cm and some of quantitative characteristics of plants were compared to those of un-pruned controls in 3 replications after six growing seasons. A total of 300 seedlings in completely randomized blocks were studied. Considering the criteria of rhythmic shoot extension, branching mode and orthotropic branch differentiation the architectural model of the Caucasian oak was identified as Rauh model. The results showed that Root pruning has a significance influence on diameter and height growth of oak seedlings. The collar diameter, dbh and height of seedlings were 60.5mm, 40.5mm and 616.3cm, respectively which were the highest measurements among the treatment of Root pruning in 20cm. The un-pruned seedlings showed better results than those of pruned in 15cm and 25cm. All differences were significant at level of p<0.05.

Background and Aim: The goal of endodontics is to seal the Root canal system from the orifice to apical constriction completely and tridimensionally. Hence perforations during Root canal therapy, because of caries or resorptions must be sealed and obturated with ideal materials. The aim of this study was to histologically compare two kinds of mineral trioxide aggregate Root MTA and Pro Root MTA for furcal perforation repair in developed teeth in dog. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, thirty teeth consisting of second, third and fourth mandibular premolars of five German shepherd dogs were selected. Twenty-four teeth were randomly divided into four experimental groups (6 teeth each). One pair of Root MTA and Pro Root MTA groups studied in one month and the other in three months intervals. Positive and negative control groups was each contained three teeth. In positive control group, perforations were not treated and negative control group contained intact teeth. In experimental groups perforations repaired after one week exposure to oral cavity with Root MTA or Pro Root MTA. After time intervals animals were subjected to vital perfusion and 6 mm histologic sections were prepared. Inflammation and hard tissue formation were ranked by Cox criteria. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square statistical tests with P<0.05 as the limit of significance. Results: There was statistically significant lower inflammation and higher hard tissue formation in three months Root MTA and Pro Root MTA groups compared to one month interval (P<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in inflammation and hard tissue formation between Root MTA and Pro Root MTA in each intervals (P>0.05). Conclusion: Mineral Trioxide Aggregate is an adequate material for furcal perforation repair in dog’s teeth. Root MTA could be a good substitute for Pro Root MTA considering the lower cost and similar characteristics.

Background: The aim of radiation therapy is to deliver a precisely measured dose of irradiation to a defended tumor volume. Simulation has been used instances to document the configuration of the portal and target volume to be irradiated accurately. Unfortunately, there is non-Conventional simulation in most of cancer centers in Iran. There fore in this study, it was tried to estimate pelvic inlet from inrerspinous diameter (distance between two Ant. Sup. Iliac spine) of the aforementioned patients in Radiotherapy – Oncology Department in Imam Hossein hospital. Materials and methods: Interspious diameter on the surface kin (X) and pelvic inlet (Y) on simulation in the 44 men and 61 women were determined, coefficient (r) in men and women rm=0.8841 rw=0.8141 and linear regression analysis the following equation was obtained. Y=0.525X-0.339 R2=0.7815 for men Y=0.326 X+5.18 R2=0.6626 for women Conclusion: It was concluded that in both men and women, it is possible to estimate pelvic Inlet diameter from Interspinous diameter. But the coefficient of determination (Rsq) is lower in women than men.

In order to investigate the effects of sowing date and planting density on some of the growth characteristics of Valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) and didrovaltrate content, an experiment was conducted from 2005-2006 at Experimental Farm in Abureyhan Campus, University of Tehran. The experiment performed in split plot form based on a complete randomized block design with four replications. The main factor was the sowing date with three levels (11 August, 1 and 22 September) and sub factor was plant density with three levels (40000, 80000 and 120000 plants/ hectare). Seeds of valerian provided from Medicinal Plants Research Division of Shahid Beheshti University. Didrovaltrate amount was measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that sowing date and planting density had significant effect on Root and rhizome length and diameter and percentage of didrovaltrate. The interaction effects of sowing date and planting density had significant difference on percentage of didrovaltrate, but no significant effect on other characters was seen. The highest Root and rhizome length was obtained from sowing date of 11th August and 120000 plants per hectare and the highest diameter of Root and rhizome were obtained from the combination of 11th August and 40000 plants per hectare. The results showed that maximum amount of didrovaltrate was obtained from the combination of 22nd September and 40000 plants per hectare.